The chapter walks readers through an overview of amplified warming in the Arctic, discussing a variety of processes in the climate system contributing to the warming.

This study is a step towards accurate modeling of the MJO, a challenge that has troubled the weather and climate science community for some time.

The study may have large implications for the climate and weather forecasts made by ocean models in the future. 

Climate model projections can be hindered by complexities inherent in the climate system, and difficulty in detecting the part of the forecast that can be accurately predicted (signals) as well as constraining uncertainties (noise). These problems can be hard to fix, as climate model projections cannot be verified until there are observations.

The findings address an important gap in understanding that could help advance prediction capability for U.S. summer to fall precipitation.