The study, published in Nature, tracked the consecutive days that the atmosphere resides in a particular pattern associated with extreme temperatures and precipitation and found that these patterns are occurring more often as the Arctic warms faster than the mid-latitudes.

Variations in the amount of precipitation that feeds the Amazon River, ranked as the world’s largest river in terms of annual discharge, can profoundly impact the marine ecosystem in the region where the fresh river water enters the salty ocean (Amazon plume region) and influence the hydroclimate over the tropical Atlantic.

The chapter walks readers through an overview of amplified warming in the Arctic, discussing a variety of processes in the climate system contributing to the warming.

This study is a step towards accurate modeling of the MJO, a challenge that has troubled the weather and climate science community for some time.

The study may have large implications for the climate and weather forecasts made by ocean models in the future.